Plain language summary
Specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are highly potent oxylipins [metabolites] synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. SPMs have a critical role in resolving inflammation and returning damaged tissues to homeostasis. The main aim of this study was to determine if a marine oil supplement increased specific metabolites of the SPM biosynthetic pathway in adults with obesity. This study is a non-randomised uncontrolled clinical trial in adults with obesity. Twenty-three participants (n = 13 females, 10 males) aged between 50–65 years were enrolled. Only postmenopausal females were included in order to reduce confounding effects of oestrogen on lipid metabolism during supplementation. Results show that: - the marine oil supplement significantly increased some oxylipins of the SPM biosynthetic pathway. - there wasn’t an increase in the concentration of D-series resolvins upon intervention, although several docosahexaenoic acid-derived metabolites were increased. - the supplement decreased some HETEs [metabolites], which are synthesized from arachidonic acid. Authors conclude that their findings provide a framework for futures studies on the use of a marine oil supplement to examine the effects of how SPMs and their metabolic intermediates control varying aspects of inflammation and immunity, including antibody concentrations, in subjects with obesity.
Expert Review
Conflicts of interest:
None
Take Home Message:
- Marine oil enriched with specialised pro-resolving mediators raise levels of EPA, DPA and DHA-metabolites in adult subjects with obesity
- Larger randomised, blinded and placebo-controlled trials are required to inform healthcare practitioner clinical practice decisions relating to SPM enriched marine oil supplementation
- Future research is required to determine if increased concentrations of SPMs control the resolution of inflammation in humans with obesity.
Evidence Category:
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A: Meta-analyses, position-stands, randomized-controlled trials (RCTs)
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B: Systematic reviews including RCTs of limited number
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X
C: Non-randomized trials, observational studies, narrative reviews
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D: Case-reports, evidence-based clinical findings
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E: Opinion piece, other
Summary Review:
- Specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are oxylipins synthesised from omega-3 and -6 PUFAs which play a role in resolving inflammation.
- The authors highlight mouse studies have found that increasing the levels of SPMs and their metabolic intermediates can improve a range of obesity related complications. Thus, there is scientific interest in increasing the levels of SPMs in humans with diseases associated with chronic inflammation, such as obesity.
- This small non-randomised uncontrolled clinical trial of 23 individuals (13 female; 10 male) aged 50-65 years with obesity (BMI 30-40), aimed to determine the impacts of 1 month supplementation with marine oil particularly enriched with 14-hydroxydocosahexanenoic acid (14-HDHA), 17-HDHA and 18-hydroxydocosahenaenoic acid (HEPE) on:
- The change in levels of PUFA-derived oxylipins from baseline
- The change in abundance of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
- The change in antibody production
Intervention
- 2g enriched marine oil (4 capsules of SPM Active provided by Metagenics, study sponsor) once daily for 28-30 consecutive days.
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
- Only post-menopausal women were included to reduce confounding effects of oestrogen on lipid metabolism
- Individuals were excluded if diagnosed with Type 1 or 2 diabetes, autoimmunity, liver disease, coagulopathy, uncontrolled hypothyroid or active malignancy
- Individuals were excluded if they consumed omega-3 PUFA supplements within 3 months of intervention, regularly consumed >2 servings per week of fatty fish, had a fish/shellfish allergy or were taking a predetermined list of medications.
Findings
- Statistically significant increases were found in certain EPA, DPA and DHA-derived metabolites in response to supplementation relative to baseline. However, only 17-HDHA concentrations increased relative to baseline, with no effect on 14-HDHA or 18-HEPE, despite the supplement being enriched with all 3 metabolites
- Statistically significant decreases were found in arachidonic acid (AA)-derived oxylipins post supplementation relative to baseline
- Increases in immune cell populations in circulation did not reach significance post supplementation when measured by PBMCs.
Conclusions
An enriched marine oil supplement increased select SPMs in adults with obesity.
Clinical practice applications:
- Healthcare practitioners working with adults with obesity can use the results from this trial to understand that 1 month supplementation with 4g of enriched marine oil supplementation raises levels of certain EPA, DPA and DHA metabolites
- Practitioners may want to follow the research in this area as larger, controlled trials are conducted and comparisons made with non-enriched fatty acid supplements.
Considerations for future research:
- Future clinical studies of SPM supplementation are required that are double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled to inform scientific findings in this area
- This study was inadequately powered to assess differences between female and male participants and therefore larger trials are needed to inform the sex differences in oxylipins within the population with obesity
- Further research is required in younger subjects with obesity to assess SPMs as a possible chronic inflammation preventative strategy, due to inflammation complications over time
- Future research should take account of the heterogeneity in the population with obesity, such as microbiome profiles, food intake and baseline metabolic status
- Further studies comparing impacts of standard marine oil with enriched marine oil on chronic inflammation would inform healthcare practitioners in their clinical practice.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), synthesized from PUFAs, resolve inflammation and return damaged tissue to homeostasis. Thus, increasing metabolites of the SPM biosynthetic pathway may have potential health benefits for select clinical populations, such as subjects with obesity who display dysregulation of SPM metabolism. However, the concentrations of SPMs and their metabolic intermediates in humans with obesity remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to determine if a marine oil supplement increased specific metabolites of the SPM biosynthetic pathway in adults with obesity. The second objective was to determine if the supplement changed the relative abundance of key immune cell populations. Finally, given the critical role of antibodies in inflammation, we determined if ex vivo CD19 + B-cell antibody production was modified by marine oil intervention. METHODS Twenty-three subjects [median age: 56 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 33.1] consumed 2 g/d of a marine oil supplement for 28-30 d. The supplement was particularly enriched with 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic (HEPE), 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), and 17-HDHA. Blood was collected pre- and postsupplementation for plasma mass spectrometry oxylipin and fatty acid analyses, flow cytometry, and B-cell isolation. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Relative to preintervention, the supplement increased 6 different HEPEs and HDHAs accompanied by changes in plasma PUFAs. Resolvin E1 and docosapentaenoic acid-derived maresin 1 concentrations were increased 3.5- and 4.7-fold upon intervention, respectively. The supplement did not increase the concentration of D-series resolvins and had no effect on the abundance of immune cells. Ex vivo B-cell IgG but not IgM concentrations were lowered postsupplementation. CONCLUSIONS A marine oil supplement increased select SPMs and their metabolic intermediates in adults with obesity. Additional studies are needed to determine if increased concentrations of specific SPMs control the resolution of inflammation in humans with obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04701138.
Methodological quality
Jadad score
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Not applicable
Allocation concealment
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Not applicable
